In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), sensor nodes are constrained by resource constraints. The limited
energy supply and susceptibility to failure greatly affect WSN lifespan, hindering long-term deployment.
ENIAO is an Integrated cross-layer Optimized Routing Approach for WSNs that is fault-tolerant and
energy-efficient. A bio-inspired clustering architecture and adaptive duty cycling are incorporated into
ENIAO's routing optimization. In a clustering protocol, the network is partitioned, and paths are
dynamically optimized within and between clusters. By optimizing active/sleep schedules, duty cycling
optimizes energy efficiency. A variety of network conditions have been simulated to assess ENIAO's
performance. Regarding fault tolerance and energy consumption, ENIAO significantly prolongs the
network lifetime. As compared to benchmark protocols, it achieves higher throughput. As a result of the
cross-layer design, ENIAO is automatically adapted to optimize energy usage and routing reliability. In the
long run, large-scale IoT deployments are possible with ENIAO due to the integrated approach.